Case. The partners speak different native languages; on hard topics nuances are lost and grievances grow from misunderstanding.
Model. Packet loss in transmission: one message is sent, a distorted one arrives, and the system reacts to the distortion.
What helped. They added “delivery confirmation”: re-ask and paraphrase before reacting; more patience with translation on important topics.
Lesson. In a couple with a language barrier, checking understanding isn’t pedantry but a necessity.